Presentation of postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea in southern Ontario, prevalence of hemolytic E. coli serogroups involved, and their antimicrobial resistance patterns

Post-weaning Escherichia coli diarrhea (PWECD) in Ontario was investigated using a case-control study involving 50 Ontario nurseries. The clinical signs and the impact on productive parameters were determined by means of a producer survey. The hemolytic E. coli serogroups involved in PWECD (O149:K91:K88) were examined in this study. Based on a polymerase chain reaction test, the hemolytic E. coli from 82% of the case herds were positive for 3 enterotoxins (STa, STb, and LT), those from 12% of the case herds were positive for STb and LT only, and those from one herd (6%) were positive for 3 enterotoxins, as well as for verotoxin and F18 pili. The E. coli involved in disease were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Case farms commonly used a wide variety of antibiotics either in the feed or water, or as injectable drugs. The most common antibiotic used to treat PWECD on the study farms was apramycin, but evidence of resistance to this antibiotic was noted. The PWECD problem was commonly seen within a week of weaning but onset of diarrhea was reported as late as the grower-finisher stage. Growth rate was poorer in case herds and mortality was higher than in control herds, demonstrating that PWECD is an economically important disease in Ontario.     

我国经济林应对绿色技术壁垒的战略

我国经济林发展很快，但由于产地生态破坏、环境污染以及林农的不良耕作等原因，使按常规方式生产的产品安全质量下降，从而遇到了绿色技术壁垒的严峻挑战。只有抓住机遇，认真实施无公害生产，开发安全森林食品，才能拓展产品的国际国内市场，使我国经济林产业开发再上新台阶。     

制材车间环境噪声的研究

通过对１３个制材车间车间环境噪声的测试分析，揭示了制材车间环境噪声的现状和特性，车间噪声严重超标，其声压级较高值出现在１￣１６ｋＨｚ频带范围内，根据测试分析结果，提出了降低制材车间环境噪声的途径。     

Fatty acid profiles and sensory and carcass traits of tissues from steers and swine fed an elevated monounsaturated fat diet

Twelve Angus X Hereford steers were assigned to either a control high-energy diet or a test diet consisting of 20% rapeseed at the expense of 20% corn. Twelve pigs were allotted to a control diet and two test diets containing either 10 or 20% canola oil (CO). Both CO and oil in the rapeseed contained 60 to 64% oleic acid. Cattle fed rapeseed exhibited little effect from the diet due to apparent indigestibility of the rapeseed. Total saturated fatty acids decreased from 40% in adipose tissue of the control pigs to 15% in the 20% CO-fed pigs. The ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids (M/S) increased from 1.19 in adipose tissue from control pigs to 3.63 with the addition of 20% CO to the diet. In muscle, the M/S ratio increased from 1.21 in control pigs to 2.46 in the 20% CO treatment group. The percentage of the saturated fatty acids in muscle decreased from 42% in the control to 23% in the 20% CO treatment. Significant increases in "oiliness" and decreases in fat firmness were observed when increasing levels of canola oil were fed. Sensory traits, cooking loss and shear-force values of pork chops were similar among treatment groups. In conclusion, monounsaturated fatty acid content can be elevated substantially in pork without adversely influencing the quality of the meat, thus producing a product perceived to be more healthful by the consumer.     

Proposed criteria for classification of acute myeloid leukemia in dogs and cats

Blood and bone marrow smears from 49 dogs and cats, believed to have myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), were examined by a panel of 10 clinical pathologists to develop proposals for classification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in these species. French-American-British (FAB) group and National Cancer Institute (NCI) workshop definitions and criteria developed for classification of AML in humans were adapted. Major modifications entailed revision of definitions of blast cells as applied to the dog and cat, broadening the scope of leukemia classification, and making provisions for differentiating erythremic myelosis and undifferentiated MPD. A consensus cytomorphologic diagnosis was reached in 39 (79.6%) cases comprising 26 of AML, 10 of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and 3 of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Diagnostic concordance for these diseases varied from 60 to 81% (mean 73.3 +/- 7.1%) and interobserver agreement ranged from 51.3 to 84.6% (mean 73.1 +/- 9.3%). Various subtypes of AML identified included Ml, M2, M4, M5a, M5b, and M6. Acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) was recognized as a specific entity. M3 was not encountered, but this subclass was retained as a diagnostic possibility. The designations M6Er and MDS-Er were introduced where the suffix "Er" indicated preponderance of erythroid component. Chief hematologic abnormalities included circulating blast cells in 98% of the cases, with 36.7% cases having >30% blast cells, and thrombocytopenia and anemia in approximately 86 to 88% of the cases. Bone marrow examination revealed panmyeloid dysplastic changes, particularly variable numbers of megaloblastoid rubriblasts and rubricytes in all AML subtypes and increased numbers of eosinophils in MDS. Cytochemical patterns of neutrophilic markers were evident in most cases of Ml and M2, while monocytic markers were primarily seen in M5a and M5b cases. It is proposed that well-prepared, Romanowsky-stained blood and bone marrow smears should be examined to determine blast cell types and percentages for cytomorphologic diagnosis of AML. Carefully selected areas of stained films presenting adequate cellular details should be used to count a minimum of 200 cells. In cases with borderline diagnosis, at least 500 cells should be counted. The identity of blast cells should be ascertained using appropriate cytochemical markers of neutrophilic, monocytic, and megakaryocytic differentiation. A blast cell count of > 30% in blood and/or bone marrow indicates AML or AUL, while a count of < 30% blasts in bone marrow suggests MDS, chronic myeloid leukemias, or even a leukemoid reaction. Myeloblasts, monoblasts, and megakaryoblasts comprise the blast cell count. The FAB approach with additional criteria should be used to distinguish AUL and various subtypes of AML (Ml to M7 and M6Er) and to differentiate MDS, MDS-ER, chronic myeloid leukemias, and leukemoid reaction. Bone marrow core biopsy and electron microscopy may be required to confirm the specific diagnosis. Immunophenotyping with lineage specific antibodies is in its infancy in veterinary medicine. Development of this technique is encouraged to establish an undisputed identity of blast cells. Validity of the proposed criteria needs to be substantiated in large prospective and retrospective studies. Similarly, clinical relevance of cytomorphologic, cytochemical, and immunophenotypic characterizations of AML in dogs and cats remains to be determined.     

福建省稻瘟病菌生理小种研究(续报)

应用我国7个鉴别品种,鉴定了1980～1981年由我省7个地区37个县(市)采集分离的387个有效单孢菌株,区分为7群29个小种,其中ZB群为优势小种群,ZB_(15)为优势小种。 1975～1978年福建省稻瘟病菌生理小种区系组成相似,至1981年便发生了变化。但主要小种类型并无什么变化,而是小种组成比和地理分布范围的变更。其特点是侵染我省大面积栽培的珍尢系统品种的ZB群小种迅速增加,地理分布范围扩大。至1981年全省7个地区均以ZB群为优势小种群,ZB_(15)上升为优势小种,取代了过去致病力弱的优势小种ZG_1。文中还对稻瘟病菌的变异和稳定性作了讨论。关键词:稻瘟病菌;生理小种;中国鉴别品种;珍龙系统品种实践证明,利用抗病品种是防治稻瘟病的一项经济有效的措施,但品种抗性与稻瘟病菌的变异、小种区系组成的变化密切相关。因此,稻瘟病菌生理小种区系组成的变化及其消长规律的研究,是抗瘟育种品种布局和品种坑性变化预测的重要基础工作。在1973～1978年对我省稻瘟病菌生理小种研究的基础上,本文报导了1980～1981年福建稻瘟病菌生理小种的鉴定和1978、1981年小种区系组成的变化情况。     

中国水稻三化螟防治研究的进展

在中国为害水稻較重的螟虫已知有6种,以三化螟 Tryporyza incertulas (Wlk.)最为重要,分布于我国中南部稻区。本文阐述了气候、食料、水稻栽培制度和生物等因素对三化螟种群数量变动的影响,并指出作为螟虫食料的水稻及其栽培制度的作用更为明显。研究証明,三化螟的产卵、侵入、成活、繁殖和为害都与水稻的生育期有密切关系,水稻的分蘖期及孕穗期,都是水稻最易受害的生育期,在这两个时期被害,会造成枯心或白穗;而秧田期、移植至回青期、圓稈期和成熟期都对螟虫不利。螟虫的发生基数和生活环境条件,密切影响种群数量的变动,而这些都受水稻栽培制度的影响。发生基数决定于春季螟虫的有效虫源,其数量的大小对当年的螟虫,尤其对第一、二代的发生量有密切关系。螟害程度主要决定于:(1)种群数量和(2)水稻最易受害的生育期与螟虫盛发期配合程度的综合作用。为了加強防治,各地区必须因地制宜,利用耕作栽培措施,一方面尽可能消灭虫源、压低发生基数、控制以后各代螟虫的发生;另一方面力求改进栽培技术、調节水稻生育期,恶化螟虫的生活条件,避免或減輕螟害。化学防治也是治螟的一項重要措施。目前广泛应用的药剂是6％丙体六六六,每亩用量在防治枯心时为1.5斤,防治白穗为2斤。主要的施药方法为泼浇和撒毒土,两者对防治枯心的效果都很好;撒毒土防治白穗的效果虽稍差,但操作簡便易行。在螟虫发生期內,适值分蘖和孕穗的水稻田一般都要施药;但預测螟害低于1％的田块,可不防治。防治枯心的施药适期一般在孵化高峯前1—2天天开始,如虫量很大,要提前到盛孵始期用药。防治白穗的施药适期是:在蚁螟盛孵前孕穗的水稻,普通在盛孵始期开始施药;蚁螟盛孵后孕穗的水稻,在孕穗始期开始用药。稻螟是我国长期以来的一种严重害虫,解放前因螟害常年損失稻谷10％以上。解放后,在党和政府的領导下,科学技术有了显著的进展,治螟工作貫彻了“防治并举、以防为主”的方針,“以农业防治为基础,重点使用药剂綜合防治”的策略;采用了准确的預测預报;开展了群众性的防治活动,基本上控制了螟虫的危害,1663年的螟害率已压低到2％左右,不少地区已降低到1％以下。这都是在总路线、大跃进、人民公社三面紅旗光輝照耀下,領导、技术人員、群众三結合所取得的成果的     

评“关于柑桔黄龙病几个问题的讨论”

林传光教授正确地指出抗病选种的研究在防治黃梢(龙)病上的意义。他認为柑桔黄梢病病毒可能具有毒力不同的株系。这种可能性是不能排除的。林教授还認为在我国较北地区的所有柑桔树和在病区內許多健康的柑桔树皆已受黄梢病的弱系病毒的侵染,其所以还未发病乃由于受这些弱系病毒保护的缘故;这只能说是一种純粹的臆测,事实并不是如此。林传光教授肯定气候条件和栽培条件对黄梢病发生的影响。作为一种传染性病害,黄梢病在一定程度上受环境条件的影响是不足为奇的。但林教授所列举的种种事例并不能说明这种关系。至于是否可能如他所说的通过选择地势和采用栽培方法在生产上有效地抑制黄梢病的发生,则尚有待試驗研究的証明。我認为这在目前是不可能的,将来的希望也不大。林传光教授的观点虽然不能用他所列举的事例来証明,但可以作为进一步研究的参考。     

有机磷剂“苏化203”的治虫效果和安全使用

“苏化203”是一种有机磷杀虫剂,主要成分为四乙基二硫代焦磷酸酯(簡称硫特普)。1959年,江苏省重工业厅化工研究所开始試制。中国农业科学院江苏分院曾进行一系列的防治水稻三化螟試驗、毒性观察和大田試用。同时,不少单位也进行了其他害虫或有害动物的防治試驗。1964年,江苏省科学技术委員会組織了有关单位,对“苏化203”大面积治螟进行了劳动卫生現場調查研究。通过数年来的試驗和試用,业已証实了“苏化203”的治虫效果和安全使用。現綜合各方面的資料,扼要报导于后,供有关方面参考。     

Comparative lipid and lipoprotein metabolism

This review summarizes a number of recent reports in several areas of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Absorption of dietary lipids, cholesterol synthesis, and biliary cholesterol metabolism are mentioned only briefly to be complete. Comparative aspects of lipoprotein metabolism, however, are detailed in an effort to integrate the myriad metabolic events which characterize these important lipid transport particles. Where comparative information is known, those aspects of lipoprotein metabolism that may be protective against atherogenesis in certain mammalian species are also described. Efforts to understand atherogenic resistance comparatively in animals lends a better understanding of the metabolic events leading to coronary artery disease in humans. They also provide an important basis for understanding lipid metabolism in numerous veterinary species.